Ghetto, Shtetl, or Polis? the Jewish Community in the Writings of Karl Emil Franzos, Sholom Aleichem, and Shmuel Yosef Agnon

The late Miriam Roshwald here examines the role of the nineteenth-century ghetto or shtetl through the eyes of three contemporaneous Jewish writers: Karl Emil Franzos (1848-1904), Sholom Aleichem (aka Sholom Rabinovitz, 1859-1916), and Shmuel Yosef Agnon (aka Samuel Josef Czaczkes, 1888-1970).