Swedish and German Liberalism: From Factions to Parties 1860-1920

At the start of the twentieth century, political parties had the potential to focus grass-roots interest in the development of modern, democratic nation-states. Yet all the new parties were met with suspicion across Europe, particularly among liberals. These popular misgivings and the way the liberals nevertheless managed to build a party are the subject of this book. In Swedish and German Liberalism, the historian Martin Åberg argues that because of liberalism's individualistic traits, which left liberals less susceptible to political organization on a mass basis, party members had to come to an uneasy compromise between individual and collective action. Åberg compares two regions - Värmland in Sweden and Schleswig-Holstein in Germany - which historically both had a significant liberal presence. Despite its organizational shortcomings, liberalism in Sweden paved the way for the peaceful democratization of the state. In Germany, however, liberalism turned conservative, foreshadowing the extreme nationalism and Nazism that was to come. Åberg argues that the peculiarities of organizational behaviour go some way to explain the very different significant.