Fluorescence Angiography in Ophthalmology : Fluorescein Angiography, Indocyanine Green Angiography, Fundus Autofluorescence

Fluorescein and Indocyanine green angiography, including the imaging of fundus autofluorescence, has been significantly improved in the last few years. The use of confocal laser technology in particular has been the most significant impro- ment: the technology is digital, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography are seen in real time and can be used simultaneously. The clinical findings have been expanded with the addition of infrared, red-free and autofluorescence - aging. The foundations for the new fluorescence angiography atlas of Professor S. Dithmar, Heidelberg and Professor F. Holz (previously of Heidelberg) are fi- ings that have been gathered at the Heidelberg University Department of O- thalmology with the Heidelberg Angiograph 2 (HRA 2, Heidelberg Engineering. This work documents the authors' successful collaboration with the Heidelberg Engineering firm. This atlas clearly explains the technical fundamentals of fluorescence angi- raphy and the imaging of pathological fluorescence phenomena. A full chapter is devoted to fundus autofluorescence, particularly with regard to pathological fi- ings in the retinal pigment epithelium. Naturally, diseases of the macula are given particular attention, especially to age-related macular degeneration and the use of Anti-VEGF therapy. The wide spectrum of macular disorders has been expanded with attention given to retinal vascular disease, inflammatory, retinal and chor- dal diseases, disorders of the optic nerve, and the typical findings of intraocular tumors, including choroidal melanomas, choroidal metastases and choroidal hemangiomas.