Estimation of Lead in Black Kite from Punjab, Pakistan

This study includes various aspects of environmental hazards which may be correlated to human beings directly or indirectly. Heavy metals are very persistent and widespread contaminants in the world. So our research clings to black kites as helpful bio-indicator in our learning. The industrial era and escalating automobiles have polluted environment in many ways, some of the toxic materials like lead are fed out throughout the public areas with high density population. There are certain resources such as mining, smelting, refining, manufacturing processes and by the use of lead containing products. Heavy metals may get absorbed in the bird's tissues through various sources like nasal passage or by feeding contaminated food etc. There are a large number of pathways of their entry into the food web like air, water, soil, living organisms, and biogeochemical cycles. Our study elaborates that long and severe exposure of birds to heavy metals causes severe effects on growth, reproduction, development, behaviors, resistance to diseases and many other physiological mechanisms.