Double Action of Insecticides in Environment : The direct and indirect impact of plant extracts and IGRs applied to control cotton leafworm on honeybees and predators

A detailed study includes some field and laboratory experiments of certain insecticides i. e. insect growth regulators and plant extracts considered as alternative compounds in controlling cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in both Egyptian clover and cotton fields in Egypt and their side effects on non-target organisms such as honey bees and predators associated with certain pest, such knowledge may help in integrated pest management strategies of S. littoralis.