Civil Society and Gender Relations in Authoritarian and Hybrid Regimes : New Theoretical Approaches and Empirical Case Studies

Is civil society's influence favourable to the evolvement of democratic structures and democratic gender relations? While traditional approaches would answer in the affirmative, the authors highlight the ambivalences. Focusing on women's organizations in authoritarian and hybrid regimes they cover the full spectrum of civil society's possible performance: from their important role in the overcoming of power relations to the reinforcement as backers of government structures or the distribution of antifeminist ideas. The revival of authoritarianism in comparative politics has currently been reflected within gender studies, encouraged by the idea that women tend to be the first and most vulnerable to suffer in authoritarian societies. However, traditional approaches focusing on institutions and quotas still dominate in spite of proving insufficient to explain persisting inequities. In an attempt to fill existing research gaps this publication takes a bottom-up perspective analyzing gender relations as societal power structures in nondemocratic regimes - from the perspective that this pledges multitudinous links and theoretical potential for feminist theory as well as democratization studies. The specific focus is on civil society as a societal sphere, traditionally seen as antagonistic to undemocratic and patriarchal state structures and important for societal modernization and democratization. Countering this, this text argues that the role of civil society is an ambivalent one, evolving between two different theoretical conceptualizations; the "Gramscian" and the "Tocquevillian" perspective on civic organization. The central argument is that civil society can play both: an important role in the overcoming of power relations as well as in their reinforcement - in the form of conservative and unprogressive (antifeminist) movements, dubious entanglements with government structures or simply as depoliticized service providers.